Background. The admirals preferred to bypass the Philippines and take Formosa, which was much closer to Japan. The Dutch East Indies fell into Japan's sphere. The following month at least 20 fighters were lost in combat, while eight were destroyed in July. "Within a few days, the enemy was retreating from the Wau Valley, where he had suffered a serious defeat, harassed all the way back to Mubo"[37] About one week later, the Japanese completed their evacuation of Guadalcanal. Publication No. The Japanese defended Biak valiantly, even managing at one point to bring in 1,100 reinforcements, but they were finally overcome in early August. The U.S. built Naval Base Morotai, . [14], Operation Mo was the designation given by the Japanese to their initial plan to take possession of Port Moresby. It was occupied by the invading Japanese during the invasion of the Dutch East Indies in 1942 and became a base for their expansion to the east towards the Australian mandated territories of Papua New Guinea. 11, Factors in Japanese Military Psychology was ever completed, although the material intended for this publication could have been used instead for Research Report No. Philippine Series Bulletins represented special reports of items pertaining to the Philippine Islands. [56] On the other hand, the Allied operation had been over-insured; concerns over the strength of the Japanese garrison had left the Allies with a four to one advantage in the event. Pre-War New Guinea The Japanese Invasion The Turning Point The Long Allied Advance 1943 1944 The New Guinea campaign (January 1942-September 1945) was one of the longest campaigns of the Second World War. He had planned to move first to Hansa Bay, but with airfields operational in the Admiralty Islands, the Hansa Bay assault was deemed unnecessary. Report No. By the end of the war, ATIS had processed over 350,000 documents (or 1,680 cubic feet of records).[17]. Copies of the documents were made in Brisbane and the original documents were returned to the aircraft crash site by another submarine. [14] The 18th Army did not plan for the defense of Hollandia, and the Army Air Force and Naval units stationed there had little opportunity to develop plans due to the rapid turnover of their leadership. 72 (formerly ATIS Information Bulletin No. Joining JICPOA once it became an inter-service organization were some 50 US Army Military Intelligence Service (MIS) Nisei linguists. These totaled 11,000 men under the command of General Masazumi Inada, Major General Toyozo Kitazono and Rear Admiral Yoshikazu Endo (Ninth Fleet). This information was given to the 163rd Infantry Regiment of the 41st Infantry Division who used it in subsequent offensive operations. They included plans, charts, air defense details on all Japanese-held Pacific islands, and battle orders. [11] Adachi continued to plan to make a last stand at Hollandia if he was defeated at Hansa Bay. Japanese plans to occupy Port Moresby were negated by losses during the Battle of the Coral Sea and Battle of Milne Bay. Gen. Millard F. Harmon, who was also subordinate to Nimitz. [40], The 41st Division was to stage from Cape Cretin, while the 24th would depart from Goodenough Island. 3, Glossary of military terms encountered in Japanese documents; No. This document was immediately translated and subsequently provided new bombing targets for the B-29s over Japan and during the early occupation provided a means of quickly locating and seizing armaments. Fortunately, one American officer wrote in 1944, the enemy as a nation is addicted to keeping diaries, and converting everything into writing.. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents, dated December 14, 1944. On 5 March, Imperial General Headquarters by Navy . Over 170 were published, including many extracts from diaries and notebooks. Engineers operating amphtracks pushed forward from Jautefa Bay to the lake to carry the infantry around the Japanese positions at the lake, completing their flanking maneuver on 25 April. . Urgent information was extracted before rushing the documents on to the Advanced Echelon where they were sorted, stamped, examined, and translated as necessary. Horikoshi, upon arrival at ATIS, at first denied all knowledge of any atrocities but on being confronted with his diary, admitted that such things had occurred. According to Morison, "the Japanese retreat down the Kokoda Trail had turned into a rout. ATIS Inventories were also prepared. Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter, who later became the director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Capturing it would both neutralize the Allies' principal forward base and serve as a springboard for a possible invasion of Australia. Due to USAAF doctrine and a lack of long-range escorts, long-range bomber raids on targets like Rabaul went in unescorted and suffered heavy losses, prompting severe criticism of Lieutenant General George Brett by war correspondents for misusing his forces. On April 29, 1944, ATIS Research Report No. [7] The attack was designated Operation Reckless in recognition of the risks involved in carrying it out. Over 120 of these Research Reports were published. Gona fell to the Australians on 9 December 1942, Buna to the US 32nd on 2 January 1943, and Sanananda, located between the two larger villages, fell to the Australians on 22 January. By the time the Allied bombers and PT boats finished their work on 3 March, Kimura had lost all eight transports and four of his eight destroyers. Air and naval support consisted largely of U.S. assets, although Australia also provided air support during preliminary operations and a naval bombardment force. [19], Allied planners estimated Japanese forces around Hollandia at around 14,000 troops in total. Japan's threatened military encroachment closer to Australia hinted at some type of potential invasion of the northernmost frontiers. [29] The Japanese arrived and the 25 August 7 September Battle of Milne Bay was underway. With the occupation of Morotai, the long drive up the New Guinea coast was strategically completed. It held what turned out to be a gold mine of valuable documents, including battle plans, codes and letters. 8, Kanji Abbreviations, Variants, and Equivalents; No. If the transports succeeded in staying behind a weather front and were protected the whole way by fighters from the various airfields surrounding the Bismarck Sea, they might make it to Lae with an acceptable level of loss, i.e., at worst half the task force would be sunk en route. They were numerical inventories under 17 principal categories of documents considered to be of probable or general value. Consequently, Japanese efforts to develop the area were delayed throughout 1943 and 1944. 7 was cancelled and no record is held that No. After the Battle of the Bismarck Sea, in March 1943, an abandoned lifeboat at Goodenough Island (northeast of New Guinea) from the Teiyo Maru was recovered and found in it was The Japanese Army List, dated October 15, 1942. The story begins on March 31, 1944, when two Japanese Kawanishi flying boats were enroute to Mindanao in the Philippines. 141, for example, contained random poems of a Prisoner of War. Two months after JICPOA was formed US forces invaded the Gilbert Islands. Operations focused on attacking positions and seaborne traffic around Timor, Ambon, and the Kai and Aroe Islands. He told soldiers that ATIS personnel had told him that they had seen Japanese documents held as souvenirs of earlier battles in New Guinea, which contained information of tactical value which if had been turned in at the time, would have saved lives and shortened battles. The large majority of the defending Japanese troops there had uncharacteristically abandoned their positions and fled inland. [28], "Thenceforth, the Battle of Milne Bay became an infantry struggle in the sopping jungle carried on mostly at night under pouring rain. Except for some fairly heavy air raids, the Japanese reacted feebly to this penetration of their last defenses before the Philippines. [9] See Seventy Years Ago: The Makin Island Raid, August 1942., [10] The Armys Counter Intelligence Corps faced similar problems with souvenir hunters. [17] The Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) estimated the average size of a captured document at 12 pages. It would commit all the remaining Japanese naval power to one last major battle with the Allies. [12], As an attack on Hollandia was not expected, no plans were prepared to defend the area prior to the Allied landing. Aerial resupply brought some relief, and on 30 April a group of 12 LCTs, towed by several LSTs, arrived at Humboldt Bay. Earlier, during the Leyte campaign, important documents and diaries were captured by CIC detachments indicating the collaboration of a prominent police officer. Backed by a swamp just 30 yards from the shoreline, and with just one exit trail unsuitable for vehicles, it quickly became congested. In addition, ATIS officers collaborated in the accumulation of evidence from prisoners and testified before the Board. Simultaneous operations from these two locations, one amphibious and one overland, would converge on the target city. In January 1944, during the New Britain-New Guinea operations, captured Japanese code books enabled radio intelligence staff to determine the intentions of Lt. Gen. Hatazo Adachi, commander of the Japanese 18th Army. [40], About 6,900 troops aboard eight transports, escorted by eight destroyers, departed Rabaul at midnight 28 February under the command of Rear Admiral Masatomi Kimura. Researchers should, of course, use the National Archives Catalog. [27] As the Japanese ground forces pressed toward Port Moresby, the Allied Air Forces struck supply points along the Kokoda Track. To assist researchers interested in World War II-era research regarding the Pacific and Far East, I prepared a 1,700-page finding aid entitled Japanese War Crimes and Related Records: A Guide to Records in the National Archives,which is searchable and available online. . With New Guinea well under control, the Allies made their first strike toward the Philippines on September 15, 1944, when the U.S. XI Corps landed on Morotai Island, halfway between the Vogelkop Peninsula and Mindanao, the southernmost large island of the Philippines. "[32], "Also formidable was the tenacity of the enemy, who would fight to the death in these stinking holes, starving, diseased and with their dead rotting and unburied beside them. 6, The Exploitation of Japanese Documents (December 14, 1944); No. Often, they consisted of combined translations of several documents relating to the same subject, such as (No. The town itself was on the shore of Humboldt Bay, with a first-class anchorage. On September 27, 1940, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, thus entering the military alliance known as the "Axis."Seeking to curb Japanese aggression and force a withdrawal of Japanese forces from Manchuria and China, the United States . They subsequently neutralized the Japanese positions, as well as interdicted a portion of the Japanese movements, and anticipated Japanese defensive position and strengths. [54] There was little resistance initially, but further inland there was some opposition as elements of the 186th Infantry reached the lake by 24 April. [35], Once the Japanese had decided to give up on Guadalcanal, the capture of Port Moresby loomed even larger in their strategic thinking. Other organizations were established throughout the Pacific Theater to translate and exploit the records. The Japanese invaded New Guinea from November 1941 till April 1942 and occupied the Dutch part (except for Merauke) and the northern Australian part (Fakfak fell April 1, Manokwari April 12). This attack also destroyed 60 percent of all rations and ammunition that had been landed, and resulted in shortages amongst the infantry advancing towards the airfields. Free shipping for many products! CIC personnel were constantly engaged in providing lectures to soldiers about the importance of captured Japanese documents. Barbey's VII 'Phib carried out two almost simultaneous undertakings. [46], On landing, the U.S. troops came under sporadic small arms and machine gun fire, but this was quickly suppressed. To ensure that all involved in captured records activities had an appreciation for records and information, the Allied Translation and Interpreter Section (ATIS) (Southwest Pacific Area [SWPA]) published, at the specific direction of the War Department, Publication No. The Battle for Milne Bay was a small one as World War II engagements went, but very important. In 1944, a CIC officer was detailed for liaison with ATIS for eventual duty as an instructor for CIC units. [7] The volume would have been more but members of the 414th CIC unit learned that Chinese soldiers through ignorance destroyed many documents. Red 2 beach was found to be highly unsuitable and the promised roads were non-existent. Although the quantity of documents captured in South East Asia and China were not as voluminous as those found elsewhere, nevertheless there were major collections captured. Nimitz offered to assign eight small escort carriers to support the landing at Aitape, with these vessels then proceeding to support operations at Hollandia until 11 May. [38], In response to a request from the head of the US Navy, Admiral Ernest King, the Eastern Fleet conducted a raid on Japanese positions on the island of Sabang in the Indian Ocean ahead of the landings at Hollandia and Aitape. Cushing, realizing the possible significance of the documents, notified his superiors who in turn notified the Allied Intelligence Bureau in Brisbane. 87 (Japanese Mines and Minesweeping); and, Nos. Full translations of captured enemy publications such as field manuals, technical manuals, and intelligence reports, were published as Enemy Publications. The umbrella term for the series of strategic actions taken by the Allies to reduce and capture the vast Japanese naval and air facilities at Rabaul was Operation Cartwheel. The diary covered the period January 1942-January 1944. [39] It is indicative of the extent to which Japanese ambitions had fallen at this point in the war that a 50% loss of ground troops aboard ship was considered acceptable. During the period of October 1942-July 1943, the work of indexing, abstracting and collating information from captured documents and prisoners of war, answering internal queries, and providing information to assist translators and examiners, was carried on by a staff consisting of six officers and ten enlisted personnel. This success was attributable to Milne Bay's Australian and US defenders together with the crews of the (mostly Dutch) merchantmen that had delivered vital supplies and reinforcements to the garrison. Adachi's decision may have been motivated by a belief that Hansa Bay would be the target of the next Allied amphibious landing and that he could reinforce Hollandia at a later date. An airfield had been built there during an area gold rush in the 1920s and 1930s. Pre-landing reconnaissance efforts were hampered by the destruction of the Australian scouting party that was landed in the area by submarine in late March, and the reality of the terrain was only discovered through aerial intelligence that arrived too late. [58], Japanese casualties amounted to 3,300 killed and 600 wounded in combat;[59] a further 1,146 were killed or died in the area up to 27 September 1944. [14] MacArthur would have liked to deny this area to the Japanese, but he had neither sufficient air nor naval forces to undertake a counterlanding. While it was beyond MacArthur's capabilities to deny Buna to the Japanese, the same could not be said of Milne Bay, which was easily accessible by Allied naval forces. By 1944 there were over 200 translators serving with JICPOA. It was a new kind of combined operations warfare in which the Allies consistently outclassed their Japanese opponents. [21] Japanese bombers were often escorted by fighters which came in at 30,000ft (9,100m)too high to be intercepted by the P-39s and P-40sgiving the Japanese an altitude advantage in air combat. January 23, 1942 - August 1945. author Paul Bocu, 2019. During the early days of the war the Japanese forces were advancing. There were also other ATIS publications, based on captured documents and interrogations, such as Advanced Echelon Reports, Philippine Series Translations, and Interrogation Spot Reports. In early 1945, in the vicinity of Bhamo in northern Burma, CIC CIT No. On December 7, 1941, Japan staged a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, severely damaging the US Pacific Fleet. [36] The air and naval attacks succeeded in isolating the remaining Japanese forces in New Guinea. As the body of available material continued to grow, individual studies based on information available to ATIS were produced as Information Bulletins on subjects of general interest. [4][32] The shortage of shipping meant that each ship had to be loaded as efficiently as possible, using a technique known as combat loading to ensure that the most important stores and equipment could be unloaded quickly. 92). The battle took place between 22 April and 6 June 1944 and formed part of the New Guinea campaign. At wars end it moved to Tokyo. During the second phase, lasting from late 1942 until the Japanese surrender, the Alliesconsisting primarily of Australian forcescleared the Japanese first from Papua, then the Mandate and finally from the Dutch colony. Before the operation against the Japanese at Hollandia, Dutch New Guinea, 41 st CIC Detachment Special Agent in Charge Duval Edwards at Finschhaven during March and April 1944 gave many lectures on the great importance of soldiers turning in any captured documents. Opposition on the ground at Hollandia was negligible and within four days the two divisions had secured inland Japanese airfields. [48][49], Meanwhile, at Humboldt Bay Rear Admiral William M. Fechteler's Central Attack Group carrying the U.S. 41st Division also achieved complete surprise, coming ashore at two beaches: White 1, about 2.5 miles (4.0km) south of Hollandia, and White 2 on a narrow sandspit near Cape Tjeweri at the entrance to Jautefa Bay, and about 4 miles (6.4km) from Lake Sentani. [8] At the start of 1943, ICPOA was basically dealing with intercepted messages because not that many prisoners of war or documents had been captured. In the second half of 1943 the main Allied concern in the south Pacific was the major Japanese base at . Edwards also spoke with Graves Registration units about the importance of acquiring from the bodies of enemy soldiers everything with Japanese writing. [39] This operation had no effect on the Japanese, as the air units were being held in reserve for a planned major attack on American naval forces in the Central Pacific. It included excerpts from Japanese captured documents on their research and use of bacterial warfare. The B-29s in the Pacific, forming a part of the U.S. 20th Air Force, were controlled by the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, acting through Gen. Henry (Hap) Arnold, commanding general of the U.S. Army Air Forces. Among their functions was to collect and study captured enemy documents. The Kokoda Trail [was] suitable for splay-toed Papuan aborigines but a torture to modern soldiers carrying heavy equipment", Samuel Eliot Morison, Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier, p. 34, Buna was easily taken as the Allies had no military presence there (MacArthur wisely chose not to attempt an occupation by paratroopers since any such force would have been easily wiped out by the Japanese). 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