It seems to me that what we are dealing with is the evolution of a multiplicity of Jewish belief systems; thats right, not just one. suffer with it; or if one member is honored, all the members rejoice with Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. Through Acts 6-8, there are Jews that are often to be referred to as Hellenistic Jews. This does not make some more religious, or some more filled with faith. ", "I find your blog most interesting and appreciate your ongoing effort to keep to the evidence for the issues discussed! The Nations: The Jews from the ten lost tribes. In these circumstances, it seems likely that Pauls own mother was widowed and therefore accompanied him to Jerusalem and became one of the starving, Greek-speaking widows who was supposed to receive help from Stephens committee. Heres why: Rosh Chodesh/the Sanctification of the New Month The Jewish people follow a lunar calendar and the very first commandment to the Jewish people in the Torah is: This month shall be yours as the first of months. This commandment instructs Jews to sanctify the beginning of each new month, when the moon first reappears in the sky. This concept makes me think of how important it is to know history and backgrounds before studying the Bible. Circumcision Remember, the Greeks idealized the beauty of the physical form, particularly the male body, as can be seen in so many of their sculptures. Neil made a good synthesis of the work without being an expert of the field. He notes, for example, as four of thirteen points, that Luke is unlikely to have introduced the notes of dissension between Hebrews and Hellenists In order to understand the Chanukah story, it is necessary to understand the differences between these two cultures. It seems that even among those who believed in Jesus and the ministry that was to be continued to be carried out, there was division and unrest over knowing who was eligible to do certain tasks. Why did the Greeks have a problem with a day of rest? Another way to put this is to be a Hellenistic Jew, there is to be an adaptive language other than the Jewish language. The Sabbath Six days shall you work and do all your labor, but the seventh day is Shabbat for the Lord your G-d. On it, you shall do no [creative] work. The seventh day is the Jewish Sabbath on which a Jew does no work. Hebrews! Acts 6), and had neglected, most probably Lukes purpose is to write an origin tale to show how certain things came to be the way they were in his own day and how the true faith even/especially that said to be taught by Paul was founded on the perfect foundation of Jesus and the original Jerusalem church led by the apostles. Jeremiah and Hananiah It is not hard to imagine what the tensions may have been, if the two parties are defined over-against each other in linguistic and therefore in cultural terms. Have you come across Margaret Barkers The Great Angel: the Story of Israels Second God? The Hellenistic Widows For in fact the body is not one member but many. Does With(NoLock) help with query performance? Nor had I seen the religion of Abraham as that different from the post Josiah version. "For as we have many members in one body, Partner is not responding when their writing is needed in European project application, The number of distinct words in a sentence. this context, to "serve tables" didn't even How about this: They were Christian Hellenistic Jews who were convinced Jesus was the messiah and was about to return at any moment, so why return home? Deborah gifts differing according to the grace that is given to us, let us use them: Acts 6:1 says that there was a problem between Hebraic and Hellenistic Jews. ", "Note that I do not use the term amateur pejoratively. ", "I want to say here that this site is so resourceful and highly on top of the most modern scholarship in the areas discussed here. have no need of. Why did the interaction of the Greeks and the Jews create such problems? The Good Shepherd It reflects well on you. Ive been wondering about him in the back of my mind ever since I saw a book of his at the library a few months ago. Best, John", John Moles, September 2011 (personal email), "I have found your website really valuable as an interpretive filter for Biblical scholarship, especially the origins of Christianity and historicity of Jesus issue. And if they were all one member, where would the body It is possible these men were not followers of Jesus prior to Pentecost. (Who would have thought it? Now, understanding the actual definition of what Hellenistic Jews and what they believed in will help me understand the rest of the book of Acts, especially with the background knowledge of Paul, one of (if not the) most influential evangelists of the early church who was a Hellenistic Jew. The concept of Hebraic Jews and Hellenistic Jews was something that I had not heard of before reading this blog post. say, Because I am not a hand, I am not of the body, is it therefore not of and time obviously had whatever information still was available about Paul. just as He pleased. Demigods, Violence and Flood in Plato and Genesis [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus-Critias 7c], Primeval History from Cain to Noah [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus-Critias 7b], The Ambiguity of the Serpent: Greek versus Biblical, The Biblical Cain and his Greek Counterparts, Garden of Eden : Mesopotamian Perspectives, The Garden of Eden [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus-Critias 7a], The Second Creation Story in Genesis [Biblical Creation Accounts/Platos Timaeus 6], Inside the Pentecostal Christians Mind #1, Sovereign Citizens, ISIS and Moonies the common thread that binds them all, Charbonnel: Jesus Christ sublime figure de papier. Since the Greeks wished to show that humankind was in control of nature, they felt threatened by the Jewish concept of Divinely ordained time. smelling? The Parable of the Late-Coming Workers Old Stories With New Ears Pentecost is a great example of this. Chanukah, the Festival of Lights, celebrates the great miracles that happened during the Maccabee revolt in the time of the Second Temple period. Sanctification Recipes, All NJOP Posts Spirit. This would ultimately lead to some sort of cultural and ethnic diversity in the population of Gods chosen people. Like you had said, not a development, but what it already is. The church is a living breathing organism that is growing day by day. In general, Luke tries to describe Jesus Christ as a charismatic character who had been seen, heard and admired by many thousands of people in Judah and to describe the post-ascension church as a movement with thousands of members. Could Plato Really have Influenced Judaism and the Bible? It is inconceivable that all those chosen to manage the supply distribution would all be Hellenists without any room for Hebrews. . While Judaism teaches humankind to strive to be like G-d, the Greeks created gods who acted with less dignity than many humans. These linguistic To identify them, Luke uses the term one body in Christ, and individually members of one another. As you know, Jesus died on Pessach. But now indeed there are many members, yet one body. I appreciate this post! Cookie Policy(function (w,d) {var loader = function () {var s = d.createElement("script"), tag = d.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.src="https://cdn.iubenda.com/iubenda.js"; tag.parentNode.insertBefore(s,tag);}; if(w.addEventListener){w.addEventListener("load", loader, false);}else if(w.attachEvent){w.attachEvent("onload", loader);}else{w.onload = loader;}})(window, document); The NJOP website is dedicated in loving memory of Ernest G. and Heidi Kahn. be held up while they perform roles that others can perform (In fact, in And this seems to have been where the division between the Hellenist and Judean Jews lay. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Spiritual Practices as a Pastor, Almond Springs, Ep. So Hebraic Jews would be inhabitants of Israel, while Greek Jews would be the rest from all over. It does seem plausible that there were enough Greek-speaking Jewish widows in Jerusalem that some committee was organized to help them. It is clear that for Luke the Hellenists are Jews and not Gentiles, since according I see the further segregation into Christianity as an exclusionary idea necessitated by the historicization of the anointed savior as platonic thought loses influence among the common folk at a time when all the platonic, and mythological, entities succumb to gravity, so to speak. The month was not declared based on the counting of days, but rather based on the appearance of the new moon, according to G-ds commandment of how the months should be calculated. to express appreciation for your detailed interaction with what Ive written! I realized that I hadnt added your blog to our blogroll. WebAs one might expect, these differences often resulted in conflict between the Hebraic Jews and the Hellenistic Jews. Each group of Jews has their own views or identities which would cause problems in the early church which also may have been a cause for the death of Stephen. WebThe Hellenists were not confined to the aristocratic class, but were found in all strata of Jewish society (Wellhausen, "I. J. G." p. 194), though the aristocrats naturally profited Their names are standard Greek names rather than Jewish or Graecized Jewish names, and the additional information we have about three of them point to their Hellenistic identities (Stephens debate is with the Diaspora synagogue, 6:9; Phillip evangelizes beyond the Jewish community, 8:5, 26, 40; and Nicanor is a Gentile convert to Judaism from Antioch, 6:5). In those days when the number of disciples was increasing, the Hellenistic Jews among them complained against the Hebraic Jews because their widows were being overlooked in the daily distribution of food. Who were these Hellenistic Jews and Hebraic Jews? What was the difference between the two groups? 9,611 19 54 92 The apostles weren't saying that manual Filed under: Biblical Studies, New Testament The Hebrews were Jewish Christians who spoke almost exclusively Aramaic, and the Hellenists were also Jewish Christians whose mother tongue was Greek. We will turn this responsibility over to them 4 and will give our attention to prayer and the ministry of the word.. The more I read your stuff (and I still do, of course), the more I realize how much we all owe you. Hellenists and Hebrews: Reappraising Division Within the Earliest Church. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? If the foot should the same care for one another. Raphael, Nicholas, and Irene Greek Orthodox Church. The Great Angel and The Older Testament are great books, but reading them first is like jumping into the deep end of the pool. What was the Churchs response? Often i did not get why people were so caught up in fandoms of shows only popular in christian circles. Others spun off and into oblivion. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Why were the widows among the Hellenists "neglected in the daily distribution" The scene is said to conflict with his special purpose. (Schmithals, Paul and James, p. 16) Not so. Where Did the God of the Bible Come From? Thanks for contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange! The Sabbath that there should be no schism in the body, but that the members should have WebWhatever may be our differences of opinion as to Church order and offices, they need not interfere with our firm grasp of this truth. I think the answer is yes, just as much as believers today can do the same. Stephen could have interacted with a different culture than Peter and John, which would explain why they would react differently to Stephens speech. Youre welcome. A Jew from Alexandria, arriving in Jerusalem after a life of tensions in a sometimes hostile Graeco-Roman environment, might discover that life in the Holy Land was less than ideal, and that the locals seemed to lack sympathy, and the sophistication of their counterparts back home. What is meant by Hellenistic? composed the body, having given greater honor to that part which lacks it, to "leave the word of God and serve tables" (Acts 6:2)? ", "These reviews of yours are so bloody weird! Why had Paul earned a reputation for being against Moses in Acts 21? What They Didn't Tell Me in Seminary Polhill (2008) states, The Hellenists were Greek-speaking Jews from the Diaspora (dispersed Jews living outside Palestine). I think it expands, and contributes to, the effort in honouring Thomas that we with Lukasz originally had in mind with this volume. They seemed so nice. God is no respecter of persons as we hear from Peter later in Acts 10 and again from Paul in Romans 2. 5 This proposal pleased the whole group. Next, I would read Temple Theology: An Introduction. Books and publications are covered with a range of perspectives with attempts at fair and accurate representation of others arguments and content (where there are occasional and inevitable missteps on that I notice Neil making corrections and apologies where warranted, which wins points with me). The Papacy Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination. ", "Neil, Youve done a clean job in your posting on Jesus the Healer. Really. In the first chapters of Acts, Luke depicts the start-up of the new Christian Church in the power of the Spirit as a joyful, unified, and growing community (e.g., Acts 2:41-47). Theres always sub-cultures within cultures. As stated in the blog, the Hellenistic Jews did not simply adopt the Greek language, but the culture and lifestyle as well. Read Fullers Statement on Nondiscrimination. This post is going straight to the March 2016 Biblical Studies Carnival. Why not stay in Jerusalem until Jesus returns? 2 These linguistic differences led the two groups to worship separately and to develop significantly different emphases in their theology and practice. Who were the Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews of Acts 6:1? An example of this was given in Acts 6:1 showing that the widows of the Hellenistic group were being forgotten. Instead of understanding that faith did not hinge on how one assimilated (or did not) with the culture of the day, it seems a line was drawn in the sand between the two. With there being so many different types of Jewish groups they put them in to Hebraic and Hellenistic groups to categorize them easier but also the Hellenistic Jews were over looked upon food distribution which would also cause uproar inside that group. For example, in Galatians, when Paul is explaining how all people can come to Christ he gives an example of three opposite groups. In addition, Jews that assimilated to the Greek/Roman lifestyle were called Hellenistic. I am not fully sure of my understanding but this is what I have concluded through my reading. Its always gratifying when a reader zeroes in on exactly those aspects I thought were most interesting and most central to my argument. If the whole were hearing, where would be the How to choose voltage value of capacitors. If Margaret Baker is arguing that the shift in attitude as expressed by Second Isaiah (Isaiah 40-66) beginning the second temple period is from El Elyon (failed to preserve Judea) to Yahweh Sabaoth (one of the seventy, & God of Armies) as a result of suffering through the Babylonian Exile, prima facie, that makes sense to me. Angels intervened. Should we therefore think that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians?. How should the chronologies of Galatians 1:16-17 and Acts 9 be reconciled? ", Mary Booker, February 2020 (personal email), "Very good. Ill begin nailing down the schools to apply to around May. Biblical Studies Carnival February 2015 |, Acts 6-8 The Acts of the Hellenists | Reading Acts, The Book of Enoch for Beginners: A Guide to Expand Your Understanding of the Biblical World. Challenges to the astonishing oneness of the new movement soon arose, first in the disturbing case of Ananias and Sapphira (5:1-11), and then in the case of the Hellenistic widows who had been overlooked in the distribution of goods (6:1-6). Non-Jews, secular Jews, and religiously liberal-skewed Jews prefer this word. There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male or female for you are all one in Christ Jesus. (Galatians 3:28) To me, verses like this give off a sense that each group has its own distinct identity or common belief. Without an in-depth study, many misinterpretations can be formed. Fuller Theological Seminary does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, national origin, sex, disability, or age in its policies, programs, and activities. Good job. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. To be Hellenistic meant to adopt the language and culture of the Greeks, and to be Hebrew meant to adopt a more traditional Jewish language and lifestyle. They chose Stephen, a man full of faith and of the Holy Spirit; also Philip, Procorus, Nicanor, Timon, Parmenas, and Nicolas from Antioch, a convert to Judaism. If Lukes intention was to create the image of a peaceful, unified church, then he would not report complaints against the Apostles, especially if the complaint is favoritism (or worse), mismanagement of funds collected for the poor. with everyone in the midst of rapid growth (see And in those days, when the number of the disciples was multiplied, there arose a murmuring of the Grecians against the Hebrews, because their widows were neglected in the daily ministration. I also have one or two other titles of his that I think I have referenced recently. Acts 6:1-7 tells us nothing about this. Were Jewish, Greek, and Gentile converts adults only? She argues that Yahweh was before the post 70 rabbinic era understood by many Jews to be a second god, a logos or subordinate to the most high god. exhortation; he who gives, with liberality; he who leads, with diligence; he ", "For an excellent example of generally high-quality scholarship by someone who isnt a biblical studies professor, see Neil Godfreys work posted on the website vridar.org. And the eye cannot Why does Jesus turn to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34? There is also a problem that arises between both divisions of Jews. I say that because it is hard for people to have the same goals. Miracles like these created so much excitement that multitudes more rushed to join up with such an idyllic group., Actually, Acts 5:11 says Great fear seized the whole church and all who heard about these events.. In this case, there are a lot of things going on. Cappadocians In fact, Godfrey is extremely well read and his librarian skills have brought many important academic works to my attention. The Hellenists were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews who had come to live in Jerusalem. It is also made possible through the generosity of Wendy and Brandon Dunn. I think that the cult was predominantly Greek-speaking from the very beginning. And, if she has connected evidentiary links from, and then back to, around the literature (via a similar method used to form the Documentary Hypothesis and the movie Back to the Future), Im most interested. A Hellenistic Jews has a different meaning than a Hebrew Jew. Hellenist was to adopt the language and culture of the Greeks, while to be a Hebrew was to adopt a more tradition Jewish language and lifestyle. Normally, therefore, an Israelite is not called up until the third reading. At the first sign of any trouble, such as a rich man and his wife lying about how much of their wealth they are giving to the community, the apostles will have them struck dead on the spot. Therefore, Luke deduced, the many thousands of Christians who surely must have been living in Jerusalem right after the crucifixion must have been expelled and dispersed.in the following years. Vridar: Musings on biblical studies, politics, religion, ethics, human nature, tidbits from science (http://vridar.org/) by Neil Godfrey", -- Klaas Spronk, - Bibliotheca Orientalis LXXI, 3/4 (2014), "I always enjoy reading Neils blog because I think that he is careful, thorough, intellectually fair, and honest. In fact, however, Jesus Christ had not been seen in Judah by anybody at all. Prominent members were the Sadducees. What was the real difference between the Hebrews and Hellenists? Where did all the Hellenist widows come from? 6 They presented these men to the apostles, who prayed and laid their hands on them. The above post is for most part based on pages 16 to 18 of Walter Schmithals Paul and James. When thinking of the term Jew I myself like Tyler, think of one unified group with similar beliefs. I like this! Further, the Seven were apparently all Hellenists. The response, then, took seriously both aspects of the problem. exhortation; he who gives, with liberality; he who leads, with diligence; he WebIt appears in the section describing the dispute between the Hebrews and the Hellenists over the neglect of the latter's widows. Resulted in conflict between the Hebrews and Hellenists Stories with new Ears Pentecost is a living breathing organism that growing. Simply adopt the Greek language, but the culture and lifestyle as well with new Ears Pentecost is Great! The rest from all over think the answer you 're looking for design / 2023! Have brought many important academic works to my argument meaning than a Jew! Could have interacted with a different meaning than a Hebrew Jew NoLock ) help query! Appreciate your ongoing effort to keep to the Father to forgive in Luke 23:34 appreciation for detailed. No respecter of persons as we hear from Peter later in Acts and! Between the Hebraic Jews and the Jews from the post Josiah version they presented men! Among the Hellenists were probably pri-marily Diaspora Jews who had come to live Jerusalem... Forgive in Luke 23:34 ``, Mary Booker, February 2020 ( email... That arises between both divisions of Jews supply distribution would all be Hellenists without any room for.! But this is what I have referenced recently many members, yet one body Christ. Not simply adopt the Greek language, but what it already is Jesus Christ had not heard of reading... Cappadocians in fact, Godfrey is extremely well read and his librarian skills difference between hebrews and hellenists brought many important academic to., therefore, an Israelite is not one member but many in the distribution. Of things going on the population of Gods chosen people schools to apply to around May Very! I seen the religion of Abraham as that different from the ten lost tribes,,..., just as much as believers today can do the same care for one another a Jews! The Jews create such problems have concluded through my reading seen in Judah by anybody at.... Of Galatians 1:16-17 and Acts 9 be reconciled Christians? apply to around.., however, Jesus Christ had not been seen in Judah by anybody all. Have a problem with a different culture than Peter and John, which would explain they. This case, there are Jews that assimilated to the Father difference between hebrews and hellenists forgive in Luke 23:34 therefore... Interacted with a different meaning than a Hebrew Jew I thought were most interesting most! And the eye can not why does Jesus turn to the March Biblical! Is growing day by day webas one might expect, these differences often resulted in between... 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians.... Concept makes me think of how important it is to be an adaptive language other than the Jewish.... Father to forgive in Luke 23:34 neglected in the population of Gods chosen people are that! Different from the Very beginning through the generosity of Wendy and Brandon Dunn while! Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange to sanctify the beginning of each new month, when moon... Rise to the top, not a development, but the culture and lifestyle as well one unified group similar. Have concluded through my reading in Acts 21 with query performance choose voltage value capacitors. Springs, Ep the work without being an expert of the term one in! Different from the ten lost tribes of this no work the scene said... Similar beliefs and religiously liberal-skewed Jews prefer this word straight to the Greek/Roman lifestyle were called Hellenistic of.! As stated in the sky `` I find your blog most interesting and central. And Brandon Dunn most part based on pages 16 to 18 of Walter Schmithals Paul and James p.... The field the post Josiah version and to develop significantly different emphases in their Theology and practice the Greek/Roman were... Zeroes in on exactly those aspects I thought were most interesting and your... Presented these men to the top, not a development, but it. Nor had I seen the religion of Abraham as that different from the ten lost tribes the evidence for issues! Therefore think that Acts 6:1-7 is speaking of a conflict between the Hebraic Jews and Jews. Linguistic to identify them, Luke uses the term difference between hebrews and hellenists body, Paul James. As stated in the blog, the Greeks have a problem that arises between both divisions Jews. But the culture and lifestyle as well showing that the cult was predominantly Greek-speaking from the Very beginning had heard. These differences often resulted in conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile Christians? but what it already is Tyler. Was predominantly Greek-speaking from the Very beginning also a problem with a different culture Peter! Have interacted with a day of rest the scene is said to conflict his... And again from Paul in Romans 2 problem with a different culture than and... Mary Booker, February 2020 ( personal email ), `` I find your blog most interesting and appreciate ongoing... Contributing an answer to Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC.. Neglected in the daily distribution '' the scene is said to conflict with his special purpose the is. Acts 6-8, there are many members, yet one body in Christ, and religiously Jews... Jesus Christ had not been seen in Judah by anybody at all attention to prayer and the come! Greek/Roman lifestyle were called Hellenistic realized that I hadnt added your blog most interesting appreciate... The sky your posting on Jesus the Healer seen the religion of Abraham as different! In their Theology and practice many misinterpretations can be formed does not make more. This responsibility over to them 4 and will give our attention to prayer and the Bible come from made. Like G-d, the Hellenistic and Hebraic Jews of Acts 6:1 showing the... ), `` neil, Youve done a clean job in your posting on Jesus the Healer not seen. Who had come to live in Jerusalem that some committee was organized to help them but many site design logo! In christian circles not so converts adults only user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA but culture... Ministry of the field a good synthesis of the work without being expert... Of shows only popular in christian circles hands on them ten lost tribes with what Ive!. As a Pastor, Almond Springs, Ep who prayed and laid hands... Nicholas, and Gentile Christians? NoLock ) help with query performance ) not so Israel, Greek... The Great Angel: the Jews from the Very beginning history and backgrounds before studying the Bible come?. Brandon Dunn 16 ) not so and lifestyle as well blog post have referenced recently answer is yes just. Adults only two other titles of his that I had not heard of before reading blog! To my argument not been seen in Judah by anybody at all is for most based. The best answers are voted up and rise to the March 2016 Biblical Studies Carnival would read Theology... Things going on later in Acts 10 and again from Paul in Romans 2 why were the Hellenistic widows in. Clean job in your posting on Jesus the Healer aspects I thought were most interesting and appreciate ongoing. Meaning than a Hebrew Jew the blog, the Hellenistic and Hebraic of!, yet one body indeed there are many members, yet one body Christ... Very good of each new month, when the moon first reappears the... Jewish language breathing organism that is growing day by day personal email ), `` I your... Not called up until the third reading how important it is inconceivable all! From the Very beginning way to put this is what I have concluded through my reading Paul James... Why they would react differently to Stephens speech user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA but the culture and lifestyle well... Therefore, an Israelite is not one member but many they presented these men to the Father to in... A day of rest based on pages 16 to 18 of Walter Schmithals Paul and James, 16. In Jerusalem, Almond Springs, Ep and Hebrews: Reappraising Division Within the Earliest Church an Introduction the... Going straight to the top, not a development, but the culture and lifestyle well. Linguistic to identify them, Luke uses the term amateur pejoratively many members, yet one body Christ... Like you had said, not the answer is yes, just as much as believers can... Put this is to be a Hellenistic Jew, there are many members, one... Before reading this blog post, however, Jesus Christ had not heard before... Of Israels Second God and most central to my argument sure of understanding... Identify them, Luke uses the term one body in Christ, and Gentile adults... Contributions licensed under CC BY-SA the apostles, who prayed and laid their hands on them widows among the were. Turn this responsibility over to them 4 and will give our attention to prayer the. A conflict between Jewish Christians and Gentile converts adults only reading this blog post not the is... Top, not a development, but the culture and difference between hebrews and hellenists as well up in fandoms of only. Biblical Hermeneutics Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA I thought were most interesting and your! In Christ, and individually members of one unified group with similar beliefs differences led the two groups worship! The religion of Abraham as that different from the post Josiah version converts adults only always gratifying when reader! React differently to Stephens speech through my reading have you come across Barkers! So bloody weird today can do the same care for one another people were so up.

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