News Physiol Sci 1998;13:91-7. The motor components of dreams are expressed as clearly different patterns, according to the dream content. The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming. However, during desynchronized sleep it was drastically reduced, being entirely inhibited for most of the time. This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Since memorized information is the basic material to build up dreams, it is understandable that many (but not all) dreams are threatening and emotionally highly charged (111). The waking level of aminergic modulation falls to 50% during synchronized sleep and to nearly zero in desynchronized sleep (121,122). Selective deactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has been found in desynchronized sleep. In rats subjected to early desynchronized sleep deprivation, ejaculation was deeply reduced in adulthood (114,115), what is a profound impairment of a very important instinctive behavior. Simes CA, Valle AC, Timo-Iaria C. Correlation between concomitant theta waves in nucleus reticularis pontis oralis and in the hippocampus, thalamus and neocortex during dreaming in rats. Aristotle. Not only theta waves do occur in the cerebellar cortex during desynchronized sleep but also spindles and delta waves are found in this organ in synchronized sleep, just as in neocortical areas. Bookshelf J Sleep Res 1993;2:188-92. Europ J Neurosci 1994;6:1298-1306. Vertes RB, Eastman KE. Despite such discrepancies, however, during synchronized sleep PRT studies reveal a decrease in global cerebral energy metabolism relative to both waking and desynchronized sleep. 7. Salivary, gastric, enteric, pancreatic and billiary secretion and contraction of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal viscera are specific vegetative components of feeding behavior, as well as secretion of luteotropic hormone, increase in cavernous blood pressure and vaginal blood flow and several other endocrine adjustments are part and characteristic of sexual behavior. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. In: Antrobus, J.S. Such high values of r may mean that theta waves arrive in such areas almost synchronously, coming from some other sites in the central nervous system. 99. Functional neuroanatomy of human rapid-eye-movement sleep and dreaming. In cats, Thomas & Benoit (18) have found oniric activity during synchronized sleep, similar to what we described in rats as pre-paradoxical sleep (19,20) as intermediate phase. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:877-901. However, reflex penile erection is facilitated after spinal transection whereas mesencephalic transections significantly increase the latency to its reflex induction, without affecting the percentage of tests eliciting an erectile event. Physiol., Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, New york 1972:1-165. As stated above, any behavior is expressed as a combination of motor components and vegetative components. In fact, all the phases of wakefulness and sleep, including desynchronized sleep, occur in the cerebellar cortex. Reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts are involved in conveying to the motoneurons the impulses that cause oniric movements. (eds. cognitive development. A theory that has many Mori D, Shik ML, yagodnitsyn AS. National Library of Medicine Spectrum, New york 1976:411-449. In rats bilateral lesion of the midbrain reticular formation is followed by a long lasting state of synchronized sleep, with predominance of phase III (Timo-Iaria, Assumpo & Bernardi, unpublished observations). Dreaming has been a subject of cogitation since remote Antiquity. Braz J Med Biol Res 1990;23:617-20. Jung R, Kornmller AE. It has been proposed (120,123,124) that presleep mentation is infrequently incorporated in top dreams and that "naturalistic" day time events rarely enter dream content, but several authors correlated dream content to the previous day events, starting with Aristotle 2,400 years ago and with Calkins in 1893. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. In cats, Baust (1971) recorded tachycardia starting 1 or 2 seconds before eye movements appear (38). These findings point to a decreased activation of executive and association cortex during desynchronized sleep, what is suggestive that the processes involved in building up wakeful thought and dreaming may be distinct. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. Vertes RP. The discovery of REM sleep kickstarted a flurry of scientific research into the mechanisms of the sleeping brain. Grimm R, Tischmeyer W. Complex patterns of immediate gene induction in rat brain following brightness discrimination training and pseudotraining. 124. 2011 Dec;20(4):998-1008. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2010.10.005. Plenum Press, 1990. Cien Cult 1995;47:221-34. Researchers working on dream usually do not believe that dreaming may occur in non-human animals, probably due to religious and philosophical reasons but also to a great mistake, i.e., that dreaming is a high level mental activity, such as doing mathematics, but it is not. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. The Psychology of Dreaming. Interestingly enough, if body temperature in cats subjected to pontomesencephalic transection is lowered, the amount of desynchronized sleep increases. There is experimental evidence that eye movements are generated near the nucleus of the abducent nerve but Pompeiano (1967) does not agree with this view (10,41). Another fancy hypothesis is the one that proposes that we dream to forget, in order to delete "unwanted" information by reverse learning or unlearning (118). Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. Jouvet M. Programmation gntique itrative et sommeil paradoxal. Timo-Iaria C, yamashita R, Hoshino K, Sousa-Melo A. This theory is supported by the fact that the body has decreased metabolism by up to 10% during sleep. Oka T, Iwakiri H, Mori S. Pontine-induced generalized suppression of postural muscle tone in a reflexively standing acute decerebrate cat. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 1992;16:25-30. Jouvet (12,119), one of the most important researchers on sleep, suggests that dreaming is "a guardian and programmer of the hereditary part of our personality" and as such it plays a role in our general behavior. 129. Mancia M. One possible function of sleep: to produce dreams. Braun et al. The first oscillation lasts around two hours, when sleep attains its deepest level; the ensuing cycles last less and their depth tends to decrease until arousal finally occurs, a sequence that recent research has fully confirmed. 91. This is an additional fact to point to the activation of other mechanisms capable of producing wakefulness and desynchronized sleep, including dreaming. 120. Fos-like immunoreactivity was also found in association with cholinergically induced REM sleep (107,108). 128. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. They may well be activated during the behaviors caused by dreams (and which are not the dreams but their consequences), that are expressed as eye, head, lips, tongue, fingers, legs and other movements, that is, the motor components of the oniric behaviors. Nature 1989;340:474-6. Analysis of psychological theories concerning functions of dreams. The earliest theory to emerge, Freuds psychoanalytic theory, takes an observational approach to identifying the function that dreams serve. Freud theorized that dreams are the result of unfulfilled wishes or desires in the subjects life. 5. C R S Soc Biol 1978;172:9-21. Neurons from the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis send fibers to nucleus reticularis gigantocellularis in the medulla, a part of which passes through the dorsal tegmental field of the pons, and electrical stimulation of both nuclei also produces inhibition of muscle tone (53,54). Epub 2010 Nov 12. To what degree, and in what way, implications can be drawn from these findings for the psychology of dreaming is controversial. 109. Schmidek WR, Hoshino K, Schmidek M, Timo-Iaria C. Influence of environmental temperature on the sleep-wakefulness cycle in the rat. Disclaimer. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. In humans a dream may be reported and its content can thus be analyzed. Erlbaum, 1992. C R S Soc Biol (Paris) 1964;158:99-103. Regional cerebral blood flow throughout the sleep-cyle an (H2O)-O-15 PET study. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. Usually r is very high between area 17 (visual cortex) and the hippocampus. However, in the animals subjected to a rich-environment zif-268 increased significantly from synchronized to desynchronized sleep but decreased from wakefulness to synchronized sleep. Many hypotheses have been advanced but so far they do not explain why and what for we do dream. ), Ermdung, Schlaf un Traum, Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Sttutgart 1971:123-172. 55. The value of r is as high as 0.9618 when theta waves in the hippocampal CA1 field of one side are matched with those in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis, what points to a close temporal relationship between theta waves in hippocampus and in the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis. 78. As a prevailing concept even today, dreams were considered premonitory, messages from the dead and mystical warnings. Behav Brain Sci 2000;23:867-76. Baust's data regarding the cat are also evident (38). Bol Inst Est Md Biol Mxico 1962;20:155-64. Role of pontine tegmentum for locomotor control in mesencephalic cat. (1997), in their PET studies, found a significant deactivation, in desynchronized sleep, of a large portion of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, what was found also by Madsen et al. 80. Doneshka & Kehaiyov (1978) reported dreams with striking vestibular sensations. Decety J, Jeannerod M, Durozard DR, Baveal J. University of Chicago Press, Chicago 1963. Experimental methodologies permitted investigation of the responsiveness of dreams to external stimulation and the effects of deprivation of REM sleep. Rostrum movements in desynchronized sleep as a prevalent manifestation of dreaming activity in Wistar rats. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. Fratelli Bocca Editori, Torino 1899. Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. Aserinsky E, Kleitman N. Regularly occurring periods of eye motility and concomitant phenomena during sleep. 100. World Fed Sleep Res Soc Newsletter 1997;5:22-3. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Much effort was devoted to searching for parallels between physiological aspects of REM sleep and characteristics of associated dreams, with modest results. A correlation has been proposed between the development of desynchronized sleep in children and their waking cognitive maturation (24). Miyauchi et al. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. 33. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. (eds.) Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. Kohyama J, Shimomira M, Iwakawa y. Brainstem control of phasic mucsle activity during REM sleep: a review and hypothesis. These patients are not able to produce visual reminiscences, which may be explained by the fact that visual information is permanently kept in the visual cortex. 50. Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. Dement WC. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. In blind people, whose auditory and somesthetic sensitivity is enhanced, auditory dreams predominate, as expected from their high auditory sensibility. This seems to be a highly improbably conception, among other reasons because, as dreaming is concerned, threatening events are as dangerous to the organism as bad news we hear and as crossing a street or watching a movie-film full of violence are as well. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. 110. 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