The South's leading men of the planter class, had built their world upon slavery and the idea of voluntarily destroying that world, even in the ultimate crisis, was almost unthinkable to them. [4] Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given date. the "CSA"), whereas the northern states that remained united under the U.S. Constitution were called collectively "the Union.". Army.[73]. A small number of Asian men were forcibly inducted into the Confederate Army against their will, when they arrived in Louisiana from overseas. While I think the slavery was certainly a significant catalyst (along with tariffs & internal improvements) for the war, once started the Southern objective was simple: obtain independence in a national liberation struggle. Neal Publishing Company, 1912.McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. Download Texas Confederate Soldiers 1861 1865 Name Roster full books in PDF, epub, and Kindle. [107] It would not be until Robert E. Lee wrote the Confederate Congress urging them that the idea would take serious traction. "Stonewall" Jackson, James Longstreet, J. E. B. Stuart, Gideon Pillow, A. P. Hill, John B. Gordon. [24] The act was amended twice in 1862. [91][92] According to abolitionist Henry Highland Garnet in 1862, he had met a slave who "had unwillingly fought on the side of Rebellion", but the slave had since defected to "the side of Union and universal liberty". a Question The altered photograph at left is considered by many to be evidence of black Confederate soldiers. They were also called rebs and yanks. The army did not have a formal overall military commander, or general in chief, until late in the war. Branch colors were used for the color of chevronsblue for infantry, yellow for cavalry, and red for artillery. William Holland Thomas, the adopted white son of the chief of the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, recruited hundreds of Cherokees for the Confederate army, particularly for Thomas' Legion. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Where should I start working out out of shape? Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. Copy. Educate, entertain, and engage with Factmonster. Sergeant Kirkland's actions remain a legend in Fredericksburg to this day. Compiled service records are files of cards that abstract original military records relating to an individual soldier. An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. Monument depicting Kirkland giving water to wounded Union troops at . About 69% of Confederate soldiers worked as farmers before the war, 5% of Confederate soldiers worked as mechanics and 9% of Confederate soldiers worked as laborers (Lanser 11. Vol 2, C.A. The Confederate President, Jefferson Davis, himself a former U.S. Army officer and U.S. Secretary of War,[65] served as commander-in-chief and provided the strategic direction for Confederate land and naval forces. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. On March 1, 1861, on behalf of the Confederate government, Davis assumed control of the military situation at Charleston, South Carolina, where South Carolina state militia besieged Fort Sumter in Charleston harbor, held by a small U.S. Army garrison. "Doughboy" A World War I Soldier. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The Tennessee Confederates tried to force the Union sympathizers into the Confederate Army or into prison. One list provides names of Confederate soldiers who died in either Confederate or Union hospitals in Harrodsburg, Lexington, and Danville, KY. Confederate soldiers were called rebel, Grayback (because of the "Billy Yank" A Union soldier during the Civil War. control. YEOMANRY. Presbyterians were even more active, with 112 missionaries sent in early 1865. Individual commanders often had to "beg, borrow or steal" food and ammunition from whatever sources were available, including captured U.S. depots and encampments, and private citizens regardless of their loyalties. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. 116162. Davis was a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy, and colonel of a volunteer regiment during the MexicanAmerican War. Georgia Governor Joseph E. Brown was an extreme case of a Southern States Rights advocate asserting control over Confederate soldiers: he defied the Confederate government's wartime policies and resisted the military draft. African American soldiers who served in the United States Colored Troops were often singled out by the Confederates and suffered extra violence when captured by them. [126][127] The Republican Party's platform of the 1864 presidential election reflected this view, as it too condemned the Confederacy's discriminatory mistreatment of captured black U.S. Prominent Confederates such as R. M. T. Hunter and Georgian Democrat Howell Cobb opposed arming slaves, saying that it was "suicidal" and would run contrary to the Confederacy's ideology. However, when Kirkland asked if he could show a white handkerchief, General Kershaw stated he could not do that. At home their families were in worsening condition and faced starvation and the depredations of roving bands of marauders. Confederate soldiers had a variety of nicknames, such as Reb, Johnny Reb, Greyback, Rebels, Secesh, Butternuts and Johnnies, according to Josephus Nelson Larned in his book The New Larned History for Ready Reference, Reading and Research: During the first year of the war [of the rebellion in the United States] the Union soldiers commonly called their opponents, Rebs and Secesh; in 1862, Confeds; in 1863 Graybacks and Butternuts and in 1864, Johnnies. The nickname Butternuts was given the Confederates on account of their homespun clothes, dyed reddish-brown with a dye made of butternut bark. in Peter Wallenstein and Bertram Wyatt-Brown, ed., Ted Alexander, "'A Regular Slave Hunt': The Army of Northern Virginia and Black Civilians in the Gettysburg Campaign,", Last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07, military forces of the Confederate States, For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War, General officers in the Confederate States Army, Ranks and insignia of the Confederate States, Confederate States of America Transportation systems, Native Americans in the American Civil War, Military history of African Americans in the American Civil War Confederacy, Blockade runners of the American Civil War, General in Chief of the Armies of the Confederate States, Military of the Confederate States of America, Uniforms of the Confederate States Armed Forces, Postage stamps and postal history of the Confederate States, Provisional Constitution of the Confederate States, "Deserters in the Civil War | Teachinghistory.org", "James McPherson: What They Fought For, 18611865", ""Civil "War Conscription Laws": November 15, 2012 by Margaret Wood. Soldiers Updated February 21, 2017 | Factmonster Staff "Jonny Rebel" A Confederate soldier during the Civil War. Due to a planned power outage on Friday, 1/14, between 8am-1pm PST, some services may be impacted. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery. The overwhelming support most Confederates had for maintaining black slavery was the primary cause of their strong opposition to using African Americans as armed soldiers. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. In comparison, the best estimates of the number of Union military personnel deaths are 110,100 killed or mortally wounded, 224,580 deaths from disease, and 30,192 deaths in Confederate prison camps, although some historians also dispute these figures. Although the two forces were to exist concurrently, little was done to organize the Confederate regular army.[18]. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. Website Name. [76] Occasional raids into the North were designed to bring back money and supplies. Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. Only seven men achieved the rank of (full) general;[74] the highest-ranking (earliest date of rank) was Samuel Cooper, Adjutant General and Inspector General of the Confederate States Army. During the Jim Crow era and even through the MLKing years of peaceful demonstrations, more than 700 monuments were part of roughly 1,500 symbols (such as naming schools, streets and Army bases) of the Confederacy in public spaces. Estimates of enlistments throughout the war range from 1,227,890 to 1,406,180.[60]. The Confederacy wanted to recruit Indians east of the Mississippi River in 1862, so they opened up a recruiting camp in Mobile, Alabama "at the foot of Stone Street". As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. On February 28, shortly before Lincoln was sworn in as president, the Provisional Confederate Congress had authorized the organization of a large Provisional Army of the Confederate States (PACS). Tennessee was the last state to join the Confederacy. [121], James McPherson states that "Confederate troops sometimes murdered black soldiers and their officers as they tried to surrender. The full service records are housed at the National Archives and Records Administration. [93] Even Georgian governor Joseph E. Brown noted that "the country and the army are mainly dependent upon slave labor for support. For more information about Fold3. [2], Kirkland went on to fight in both the Battle of Chancellorsville and the Battle of Gettysburg where, after further distinguishing himself for courage and ability, he was promoted to lieutenant. He was first assigned to Company E, 2nd South Carolina Volunteer Infantry, but was later transferred to Company G of the same regiment, and was promoted to sergeant. During the American Civil War and afterwards, Johnny Reb and his Union counterpart Billy Yank were used in speech and literature to symbolize the common soldiers who fought in the Civil War in the 1860s. The Statues of the Confederate leaders were not placed until 35 years after the Civil War because these men were not considered heros. Fold3 provides convenient access to military records, including the stories, photos, and personal documents of the men and women who served. W. Harrison Daniel, "Southern Protestantism and Army Missions in the Confederacy. [14] Four more slave states then joined the Confederacy. As one might expect, a much higher percentage of soldiers from slaveholding families than from non-slaveholding families expressed such a purpose: 33 percent, compared with 12 percent. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves. Sandbox Learning is part of Sandbox & Co., a digital learning company. "[46][47], At many points during the war, and especially near the end, the Confederate armies were very poorly fed. Sources: In war, enemy soldiers are given nicknames. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. If the first search fails, continue trying again and again, but use several variant spellings of the name, nicknames, initials, middle names, or any alias. The Southern Baptists sent a total of 78 missionaries, starting in 1862. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". What were the nicknames for the Union and Confederate soldiers? However, within a very short time, what Kirkland was doing became obvious to both sides, and according to Kershaw cries from wounded soldiers for water erupted all over the battlefield. Confederate soldiers were called Rebels and Rebs, or simply "Johnny Reb." Confederate citizens and soldiers being called rebels and being considered part of a rebellion was an attempt to discredit the concept of the Confederacy being a separate country. answered 10/20/15. [59], Because of the destruction of any central repository of records in Richmond in 1865 and the comparatively poor record-keeping of the time, there can be no definitive number that represents the strength of the Confederate States Army. Army) or lieutenant generals. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. (Robert E. Lee was a notable exception to this. The morning of December 14 revealed that over 8,000 Union soldiers had been shot in front of the stone wall at Marye's Heights. CREATIVE. This was the highest rate of desertion of any Confederate state. I am a 75 year old Christian White woman from Idaho, WA and CA and your comments make me feel like you need to rewrite history in order to feel good about your heritage instead of making things RIGHT. The Union soldiers normally just referred to them rebels. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers. station23.cebu "They shot them if they would not load the cannon, and we shot them if they did. Then figure out what the total cost of the trip would be.? There were four grades of general officer (general, lieutenant general, major general, and brigadier general), but all wore the same insignia regardless of grade. Confederate uniforms. [81][83] During the Civil War, 28,693 Native Americans served in the U.S. and Confederate armies, participating in battles such as Pea Ridge, Second Manassas, Antietam, Spotsylvania, Cold Harbor, and in Federal assaults on Petersburg. Regiments were commanded by colonels. on June 25, 2020, There are no reviews yet. Michael Quinion and Patrick Hanks argue that the term comes from the Dutch name Janneke, a diminutive form of Jan (John) which would be Anglicized as Yankee due to the Dutch pronunciation of J as the English Y. For Free. Benning is one of 10 Army installations currently named in honor of Confederate soldiers. Armies were usually commanded by full generals (there were seven in the C.S. Little was done to organize the Confederate Army against their will, when Kirkland asked he..., Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and red for artillery regiment during the War! Soldiers had been shot in front of the stone wall at Marye 's Heights was given Confederates! 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